the scope of linguistic study may be generally ided into ______________.
saussure made the distinction between _______________.
chomsky made the distinction between _______________.
language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar.
the actual production and comprehension of the speech by speakers of a language is called performance.
the fact that children can speak before they can read or write shows that language is arbitrary.
according to chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.
linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.
a description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation.
is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. most problems in are more concrete, involving the study of language acquisition especially in children and linguistic performance such as producing and comprehending utterances or sentences among s.
which of the following is not a frequently discussed design feature of language?
“i can refer to confucius even though he died 2000 years ago.” this shows that language has the design feature of __________.
the design feature of __________ refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
one of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before. this property of language is called ________.
in broad terms, linguists agree to define language as a system of ____vocal symbols used for human communication.
by is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
when people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the ____________function of language.
which of the following is not a metafunction of language proposed by halliday?
the social functions of language do not include_______________.
the ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.
“language operates by rules” is a fundamental view about language.
when people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the creative function of language.
according to halliday’s theory of metafunctions of language, interpersonal function enacts social relationship.
according to halliday's theory of metafunctions of language, language has ideational, interpersonal and textual function.
when people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the poetic function of language.
derivational affixes are bound morphemes added to existing form to construct new words. english derivational affixes are ided into ________and _______.
in the word “unavailability”, ______________ is the root.
in today’s grammar we normally say that english does not have a “future tense”. this is because in english ________________.
the morpheme “vision” in the word “television” is a(n)____________.
which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?
morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.
–ing is an “inflectional suffix”.
stems in english can be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
the bound morpheme in “apples” is an inflectional morpheme.
although is an open-class word.
refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further yzed without loss of identity. that is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. and can be further classified into free root morpheme and bound root morpheme.
a morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments. each of the phonetic forms or variants is a morph. a single morpheme may be phonetically realized as two or more morphs. the different morphs that represent or which are derived from one morpheme are called the of that morpheme.
__________can best describe the word formation processes of the following groups of words: table--tables, influenza--flu.
which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stem?
__________can best describe the word formation rules of the following group of words: to burgle (from burglar), eurodollar (from european dollar).
__________can best describe the following group of words: table—tables, day break—daybreak.
can best describe the following group of words: advertisement— ad, bicycle—bike.
“invention” is a form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial pan of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
blending is a relatively complex form of compounding.
derivaiton does not change the grammatical class of the stem.
inflection shows a relationship between roots and affixes.
componential ysis is a method applied in the field of __________ .
can be defined as the study of meaning.
the naming theory is advanced by ________.
which of the following is not true?
___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
in semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.
behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.
most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.
is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. it is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de contextualised.
means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis is what leech recognizes as ____________ meaning.
the same word has the same _____________ meaning to all the speakers of the same language.
“yellow” has different meanings to chinese or to western people, that is its ____________ meaning.
from a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.
leech says that makes up the central part.
is the first type of meaning recognized by leech, which he defined as the logical, cognitive, or denotative content. in other words, it overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference. but leech also uses “sense” as a briefer term for this conceptual meaning. as a result, leech’s conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference.
“fall” and “autumn” are ___________________synonyms.
words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
the following are factors that help to produce near synonyms except .
refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.
which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?
“big” and “all” are ____________ antonyms.
“alive” and “dead” are ________.
is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types.
refers to the oppositeness of meaning. words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms. it can be ided into gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy, converse antonymy or relational opposites.
refer to those kind of antonyms which are complementary to each other. that is, they ide up the whole of a semantic field completely. not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other. not only he is alive means “he is not dead”, he is not alive also means “he is dead.”
the lower terms for a superordinate are _____________.
the upper terms in the sense relation of hyponymy is called _____________.
the sense relation which holds the pair of words beef—meat is .
terms like “apple”, “banana” and “pear” are of the term “fruit”.
refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
pupil (student) and pupil (of eye) are known as .
it’s everybody’s right, right? in this sentence, these two rights are .
words berry and bury are
the soldier decided to desert into the desert. here, these two deserts are .
the word “bow” can be used as noun and verb, so “bow”(as noun) and “bow” (as verb) are homographs.
homonymy can be ided into three types.
componential ysis is a method applied in the field of __________ .
the verb “take” can be yzed in the following way according to componential ysis.
when a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy” means .
is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to yze word meaning. this approach is based on the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features or properties.
what semantic relation do the following sentences have? a. my daughter likes reading. b. i have a daughter.
x: he has been to france. y: he has been to europe. the relationship of x and y is ____________.
“can i borrow your bike?”_______ “you have a bike.”
“semantics is the scientific study of meaning” is a .
relation between propositions by which a presupposes b, if for a to have a truth value, b must be true is called .
the meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
“it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.
in grammatical ysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic ysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
"we shall know a word by the company it keeps." this statement represents________.
which of the following statements is true?
if we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.
what essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
contextuali is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
the meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.
the meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
utterances always take the form of complete sentences.
what essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
the huand coming into the kitchen is a reaction to the act of the wife’s utterance in the living room “the kettie is boiling.”
____________ first proposed the speech act theory.
the speech act theory is the study of ___________.
the speech act theory is developed by .
when somebody says “morning!”, we can ask a question like “what did he do?”. and the answer could be that he produced a sound, word or sentence. the act performed in this sense is called a act.
____________ concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. by telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, etc. whether or not these effects are intended by the speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act that the speaker has performed.
__________ is the act of making a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence by virtue of the conventional force associated with it, that is, the act of showing the speaker’s intended communicative meaning through the sentence’s literal meaning. for example, when a person says “you have left the door open”, __________ performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.
x: shall we get something for the kids? y: yes. but i veto c-a-n-d-y. y’s answer violates maxim of ____________.
__________ is advanced by paul grice.
grice introduced the following categories of maxims to specify the cp further except .
in specifying the maxi of manner in his cp theory, grice mentioned all the following except "_________".
__________ is the principle suggested by grice about the regularity in conversation, which reads “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. there are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxims, and manner maxims.
the theory of conversational implicature is proposed by oxford philosopher ____________.
noticed that in daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them.
conversational implicature is a part of .
when any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.