on a routine visit to the physician, an otherwise healthy 51-year-old man has a blood pressure of 150/95 mm hg. if the patient's hypertension remains untreated for years, which of the following cellular alterations will most likely be seen in the myocardium?
in an experiment, cells are subjected to radiant energy in the form of x-rays. this results in cell injury caused by hydrolysis of water. which of the following cellular enzymes protects the cells from this type of injury?
in a clinical trial, a chemotherapeutic agent is given to patients with breast cancer metastases. samples of the cancer cells are obtained and assessed for the presence of death of tumor cells by apoptosis. mutational inactivation of which of the following products is most likely to render tumor cells resistant to the effects of such an agent?
a 22-year-old woman has a congenital anemia that has required multiple transfusions of rbcs for many years. on physical examination, she now has no significant findings; however, liver function tests show reduced serum albumin. which of the following findings would most likely appear in a liver biopsy specimen?
techniques used for collecting biopsy sample include
in an experiment, surgical incisions are made in a study group of laboratory rats. observations about the wounds are recorded over a 2-week period using a variety of chemical mediators. which of the following steps in the inflammatory-repair response is most likely affected by neutralization of transforming growth factor-β?
a cesarean section is performed on a 20-year-old woman to deliver a term infant, and the lower abdominal incision is sutured. the sutures are removed l week later. which of the following statements best describes the wound site at the time of suture removal?
in an experiment involving observations on wound healing, researchers noted that intracytoplaic cytoskeletal elements, including actin, interact with the extracellular matrix to promote cell attachment and migration in wound healing. which of the following substances is most likely responsible for such interaction between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix?
in an experiment, release of epidermal growth factor into an area of denuded skin causes mitogenic stimulation of the skin epithelial cells. which of the following proteins is most likely to be involved in transducing the mitogenic signal from the epidermal cell membrane to the nucleus?
an experiment yzes factors involved in the cell cycle during growth factor-induced cellular regeneration in a tissue culture. cyclin b synthesis is induced; the cyclin b then binds and activates cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (cdk1). the active kinase produced by this process is most likely to control progression in which of the following phases of the cell cycle?
36-year-old man dies during cardiac surgery. he had a history of long-standing rheumatic heart disease with mitral stenosis. at autopsy, the pathologist reports findings consistent with mitral stenosis and noted the presence of ‘heart failure cells’. this finding results from ( ).
during a laboratory exercise on coagulation testing, a 23-year-old medical student is found to have a prolonged bleeding time. she has had a long history of ‘easy bleeding’ with frequent bleeding of the gums, epistaxis, cutaneous bleeding, and menorrhagia. further testing revealed a deficiency of von willebrand factor. which of the following thrombogenic processes involving platelets is most directly impaired?
in an experiment, lymphatic channels are observed in normal soft tissue preparations. staphylococcus aureus organis are innoculated into the tissues and the immunologic response is observed over the next 24 hours. which of the following functions is most likely to be served by these lymphatics to produce a specific immune response to these organis?
which one of the following items is most helpful in distinguishing poorly differentiated carcinoma from sarcoma?
the patient survival rate with stage t4n1m1 neoplam 5 years from the time of diagnosis is less than 50%, regardless of therapy. which of the following clinical findings is most likely to be characteristic of this group of patients?
all neoplas are collectively referred to as cancers.
papilloma is a benign neopla that most often arises from surface epithelium.
poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas form intercellular bridges and pink keratinized cytopla.
paraneoplastic syndromes can be explained by the anatomic distribution of the tumor.
biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes is often used to assess the presence or absence of metastatic lesions in the lymph nodes.
50-year old man has blood pressure of 150/90 mm hg（normal blood pressure is 120/90 mm hg）. if this person remains untreated for years, which of the following alterations will be seen in the myocardium?
peripheral artery disease develops if plaque deposits block blood flow to the arteries that supply the arms, pelvis, or legs.
gross feature of hypertensive heart disease is left ventrical hypertrophy.
family history, age, genetic abnormalities, and diet, these are all called constitutional risk factor.
myocardial rupture is most common 10-14 days after infarction.
fatty streaks are composed of ooth muscle cells.
an asymptomatic 10-year-old child with a chest radiograph showing a subpleural nodule in the right mid-lung field and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes probably has:
if a person quits oking, he/she can expect to benefit from all of the following except:
which of the following findings is least likely to be diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) in a 45-year-old male with fever and cough:
which of the following patients is least likely to have developed an obstructive lung disease:
pulmonary atherosclerosis is most often associated with which of the following:
lobar pneumonia is characterized by a patchy distribution involving one or more lobes, with an inflammatory infiltrate extending from the bronchioles into the adjacent alveoli.
panacinar emphysema is the most common type of emphysema.
the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis is a productive cough that occurs during at least two consecutive months over at least three consecutive years.
small cell anaplastic carcinomas are rarely resected because of early metastasis.
adenocarcinomas are often resectable because they are peripheral in location.
chronic gastritis is characterized by chronic mucosal inflammation and atrophy of the mucosal glands.
most often, the gastric ulcer occurs at or near the greater curvature, in the antral and prepyloric regions.
the tumor cells of krukenberg tumors often contain abundant mucin.
the tranission of hepatitis a virus is via parenteral, sexual, and vertical routes.
hbv and hcv are the most common viral causes of postnecrotic cirrhosis.
a 29-year-old woman sees her physician because she has had a fever and sore throat for the past 3 days. on physical examination, her temperature is 38.0. the pharynx is erythematous, with yellowish tonsillar ℃ exudate. group a streptococcus pyogenes is cultured. she is treated with ampicillin and recovers fully in 7 days. two weeks later; she develops fever and a rash and notices a slight decrease in urinary output. her temperature is 37.7 , and there is a diffuse erythematous rash on the trunk and extremities. urinalysis shows ℃ a ph of 6, specific gravity 1.022, l proteinuria, l hematuria, and no glucose or ketones. microscopic examination of the urine shows rbcs and wbcs, including eosinophils, but no casts or crystals. which of the following is the most likely cause of her disease?
seeding metastasis is most common in which of the following malignancies?
which of the following sets of findings is most often associated with lobar pneumonia:
of the following features, the one that is least likely to be associated with chronic bronchitis is:
which of the following statements regarding peptic ulcers is correct:
the most serious impact of urinary calculi on the body is caused by
which of the following statements are the underlying mechanis of the increased vascular permeability in inflammation?
the granulation tissue should have the following components
the effects of necrosis on the body are related to the following factors
which of the following conditions can lead to metastatic calcification
compared with primary healing, secondary healing is different from primary healing
which of the following tissues are more likely to be affected by red infarct?
which infection is the cause of interstitial pneumonia?
the characteristics of lobar pneumonia include:
the main routes of tuberculous infection include:
which of the following statements regarding crohn disease are true:
the histological features of chronic hepatitis include:
which of the following statements are true for paraneoplastic syndromes?
which of the following features are true in describing carcinoma in situ?
which of the following are a neopla of mesenchymal origin?
which of the following components can be observed in atherosclerotic plaque under the microscope?
which of the following statements about thyroid carcinoma are correct?
which of the following descriptions of hodgkin lymphoma are incorrect?
the main manifestations of nephrotic syndrome include
the clinicopathological features of renal cell carcinoma are as follows
hyperplasia with increase in cell number accounts for most of the marked increase in size of the uterus during pregnancy.
compared with second-intention healing, the inflammatory reaction of healing by first union is more intense.
pulmonary emboli are an important cause of sudden death, usually occurring in immobilized postoperative patients.
copd is a group of disorders characterized by airflow obstruction.
large cell carcinomas of the lung are well differentiated.
hepatitis a can result in a carrier state or in chronic liver disease.
cervical dysplasia is a pre-neoplastic condition that has the potential to develop into a carcinoma if not treated.
hematogenous metastases are typical of spread from carcinomas.
atherosclerosis primarily affects all arteries.
riedel thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder which occurs more often in women than in men.
diabetic gangrene is typical for diabetes mellitus.