the subject concerning the study of meaning is called __________.
c. k. ogden and i. a. richards holds that there are _______ major categories of meanings, with sub-categores all together, numbering 22.
g. leech recognizes 7 types of meaning in his book _______ first published in 1974.
the _______ meaning refers to the logical, cognitive or denotative content of language.
the theory of meaning wich relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to is known as the ________ theory.
every word has its sense, but not every word has a ________.
"good" and "bad" are said to be in _______ antonymy.
"innocent" and "guilty" are said to be in _________ antonymy.
"dead" and "alive" are said to be in _______ antonymy.
there is no intermediate ground between the words in _________ antonymy.
words in gradable antonymy ______________.
total synonymy is _____. synonyms are all context dependent. they all differ one way or another.
in terms of sense, "politician" and "stateman" differ mainly in _________.
when it comes to sense, "buy" and "purchase" are mainly different from each other in _________.
"subway" in american enligsh and "tube" in british english are mainly different in _______ in terms of sense relaiton.
the higher term of a group of words in hyponymy is called ________.
in english,there is such kind of words such as uncle, for which no _____ exist.
in the light of componential ysis, the word "boy" can be ysed into _____________.
in the light of componential ysis, the word "girl" can be ysed into _______________.
two words, or two expression, which have the same semantic components will be synonymous with each other.
words which have a contrasting components are antonyms.
what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer is the________ meaning of language.
what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression is the _______ meaning of language.
the theory of meaning which relates the maning of a word to the thing it refers to is known as ___________.
"buy" and "purchase" are two words which differ mainly in _______ in terms of synonymy.
"politician" and "stateman" are two words which differ mainly in _______ in terms of synonymy.
synonyms are always different from each other in _________.
the semantic components of "boy" are __________.
in their book the meaning of meaning written in 1923, c.k.ogden and i.a.richards presented 16 major categories of meaning, with sub-categories all together, numbering _______.
the ______ refers to the abstract properties of an entity while the reference refers to the entity having all those abstract properties.
"cold" and "hot" are a pair of words in _______ antonymy.
"innocent" and "guilty" are a pair of words in ________ antonymy.
in the question "how old are you?", "old" serves as a ______ term, covering all the ages.
positional relations are also called _________.
relations of subsitutability are also called ___________.
positional relation are a manifestation of one aspect _______________ observed by f. de saussure.
positional relation, or ___________, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.
relation of __________ refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
relation of ________ means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.
on the level of syntax, we distinguish for any construction in a language its _________ and ________ properties.
the syntactic constructions can be ided into ______________.
several constituents can be joined together to form a _______.
ic ysis stands for __________ constituent ysis
a construction can be ysed by means of a _________ or bracketing.
immediate constituent refers to the constituents which are ______ below a constituent.
subject refers to one of the nouns in the ________ case.
simply speaking, the doer of an action in a sentence is its ______ subject.
_____ refers to what a sentence is about, or what is described in a sentence.
______ refers to the obligatory constituents other than the subject in a sentence structure.
a direct object is in its ______ case while an indirect object is in its dative case.
a class item cna perfrom several functions. a function can be fulfilled by several _______.
the categories of noun are mainly _______________.
the categories of verb are mainly __________.
category refers to the _______ properties of the general untis such as noun, verb, etc.
______ may be difined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another, shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category( or categories).
clauses can be classified into _________ and _______.
imperative can be classified into ________ and _________.
traditionally, non-simple sentence can be classifed into _______ and _______.
functionally, indicative can be classified into ______ and __________.
a construction with more than one word and lacking the subject-predicate structure is a ________.
_______ is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.
the main categories for noun are mainly ________________.
the main categories of verb are mainly ________________.
the types of voice of verb are mainly _________.
there are two types of clauses, which are ______________.
______ refers to a single element of structure containing more than one word,lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses.
a constituent with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence, is a _______.
______ refers to the defining properties of the general untis: noun, verb, etc.
in some inflecting lanuages, object is marked by case labels: the accusative case for direct object, and the ______ case for indirect object.
"what the sentence is about" refers to the ________ of the sentence, which is not always the grammatical subject.
the doer that performs an action in a sentence is _______ subject.
the constituents which are directly under the construction are its _________ constituents.
the sentence with more than one clauses which are of equivalent syntactic status is a ________ sentence.
in the study of language, there are some major principles which are mainly _______.
linguistics is a ________study of language.
in linguistics, language is a system of _____ vocal symboles used for human communication.
there is no ______ relationship between a linguitic form and its meaning.
language is arbitrary, which means that ___________.
language is creative by its ___________.
lanuage has two levels of structures, which are _______________.
language is arbitrary at all of its aspects.
morpheme is the allest unit of language.
which of the following are among jakobson’s framework of language function?
halliday’s meta-functions of language are mainly _________.
by informative function of language, we mean that language enables us /html> d code.
emotive function of language mainly enables us ________.
ideational function of language enables us _________.
for jakobson, language is above all, for ____________.
jakobson proposes that there are six primary elements of communication, which are addresser, addressee, message, _______, contact and code.
indulging in language for its own sake is the _________ function of language. ontact and code.
conveying message and information is the ________ function of language. tml> ontact and code.
saussure’s _______ linguistics is the study of language through the course of its history.
the grammarians in the 18th century tried to lay down rules for the correct use of language, which is a _______ study.
the linguists try to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language community actually conform. it is a _________ study.
a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic _________.
the linguist’s proper object is the _______ of each community, the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each inidual by his upbringing in society.
saussure’s distinction of langue and parole emphasizes more on the ______ feature of language.
chomsky’s distinction of competence and performance takes a _______ view on language study.
modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
a scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.
in the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.
a diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.
modern linguistics regards the speech as primary, not the written language.
the distinction between competence and performance was proposed by f. de saussure.
language is arbitrary on all the aspects.
all the language now have both spoken and written form.
chomsky defines _________ as the ideal user’s knowledgy of the rules of his language.
_______ refers to the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each inidual by his upbringing in society and on the basis of which he speaks and understands his language.
_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless inidual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
the discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called ________.
_______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. the study of such applications is generally known as ________ linguistics.
linguistics is generally defined as a _______ study of language.
_________ is the study of language in terms of the internal structure of words.
what are the design features of human language? illustrate them with examples.
_________ phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.
phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, ________, and perveived.
________ is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.
in actual speech, one sound is one _______.
when the vocal folds are apart, the airstream can go through freely, and the ________ sounds are produced.
consonants, based on whether the vocal cords are vibrating in their production, can be classified into ________ consonannts and voiceless consonants.
in phonetics, [p], [b] and [m] are called _________ sounds based on their place of articulation.
the sound [k] is a voiceless _________ stop.
the sound [i:] is a high front tense _______ vowel.
the sound [u:] is a high ______ tense rounded vowel.
the sound [a:] is a ______ back tense unrounded vowel.
the sound [e] is a middle central ______ unrounded vowel.
the sound [i] is a high ______ lax unrounded vowel.
the process of coarticulation in which the first sound get influenced by the second is called ______ coarticulation.
the sound [p] is _________ when it appears elsewhere except for behind [s].
_______ is the allest unit of language which distinguishes meaning.
______ refer to the different forms of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment.
the two sounds which can occur in the same phonetic environment, and one's substitution for the other will produce a new meaning are said to be in ___________ distribution.
as for assimilation there are two types: _______ assimilation and progressive assililation.
a ________ features is always a binary feature, by which we can ide a gourp of sounds into two groups, one with the feature, and the other without.
as for a syllable, nucleus is essential while ________ and coda are optional.
as for suprasegmental features, there are mainly have three-stress, tone and _________.
suprasegments refer to the linguistic units which are bigger than the segment, such as _____, words, phrase, clause, sentence and even passage or text.
maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, we prefer to put it into the ______ rather than the coda.
on the coda, there are at most ____ consonants in a cluster, such as in sixths.
of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.
the sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
the sound /f/ is _________________.
the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
a phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.
vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.
english consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.
according to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
according to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.
any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
english consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.
when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.
s_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. they include stress, tone, intonation, etc.
the transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.
p___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.
the articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.
a_______ phonetics studies how speech sounds are perceived by the hearer.
word may be used as a specific item(boy and boys are two words).
lexical words refer to those words which mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality.
particles include at least _____________________.
linguists hold that auxiliaries may function for __________, which is different from verbs.
which of the following are pre-determiners?
in the word "friendships", there are ______ morphemes.
in the word "booklet", "let" is a _________________.
in the word "teachers", "teacher" is a _________.
in the word "children", "child" is a _____________.
compounds can be further ided into two kinds: _____________________.
a single phoneme can never be a morpheme itself.
two sounds which are in complementary distribution are said to be the allopones of the same phoneme.
with "transfer" and "resister", we have the word "transistor", which is a process of _________.
we have "copter" from "helicoper", which is a process of _________.
_________ is made up form the first letters of the name of an organizatioin.
we have "lase" from "laser" by deleting an imagined inflectional suffix. it is the process of _______ in word formation.
in all the borrowed words, "酒吧" is a __________, with part of its from is native in chinese, while the rest if borrowed from english culture.
the semantic change of "pile" undergoes a process of ____________, from "heap of stone" to "anything in a heap".
the morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a (n) ______.
the compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. this indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.
_______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
_________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
how many mormhemes are there in the word "international"?
words are the allest meaningful units of language.
just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
the allest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
_______ understands language from a socially semiotic or interactional perspective.
___________ are the proneers of the study of language in a sociocultural context in england.
firth's theory of context of situation mainly includes _________.
in the framework of ethnography of communication, a speech community refers to a group of people who share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic _________ as well.
speech acts are part of speech ______ which are, in turn, part of speech situations.
following sapir-whorf hypotheses, two points can be captured: linguistic ______ and linguistic relativity.
in the 1960s, athe resurrection of a dualistic view of linguistic inquiry came into bejing, along with the development of sociolinguistics as an opposition to the dominant theory of ________ linguistics.
which of the following are among the social factors that are believed to influence our language behavior in a social context.
iniduali in western culture emphasizes more on ___________________.
psycogically, people in culture shock often feel_________.
physically, people in culture shock are often ___________________.
collectivi in eatern culture emphasizes more on ________________.
culture shock can refer to the ________ you experience when you go into a culture different from your home culture.