下面那些字符串可以由文法g(s)生成 s → ab | b | a0 a → ad | c b → 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 c → 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 d → 0 | b | c
令文法为g(e)： e→ e e | e - e | e * e | e / e | ( e ) | i 下面的推导过程是句子i i*i的最右推导的是
能够产生语言的文法是
下面的文法中，哪些是二义的
文法g(s)： s → asqr | abr rq → qr bq → bb br → bc cr → cc 是chomsky哪一型文法？
名字是用标识符表示的，但名字和标识符有着本质的区别。
一个上下文无关文法的开始符号可以是终结符或非终结符。
对于文法，句子是仅含终结符号的句型。
一棵语法树是不同推导过程的共性抽象。
一个文法是二义的，则这个文法的每个句子都对应两个不同的语法树。
对于二义文法g来说，其生成的语言l(g)必定是二义的。
上下文无关文法的描述能力和有限自动机相同。
状态转换图可用于识别一定的字符串。
对任何正规表达式e，都存在一个dfa m，满足l(m)=l(e)。
词法分析器的任务是输入源程序，给出单词符号，一般包括单词的种别编码和自身的值。
now let’s watch its commercial and get more information. choose the best answer to each of the questions you hear. 音频5 1. what does biztrumpet provide?
which is the best word to describe tools provided by biztrumpet?
you are going to watch an ad. listen carefully and fill in the missing information. 注：用一个空格分开每个答案 音频4 an ad if there is one thing you do today, get your (1)__business online.
50 million businesses don’t have a website, that’s (2)__ of all us businesses.
for more businesses we get online, the more (3)__ we create. what if every business can hire just one person, that’s a lot in new jobs.
i went from one employee to (4) __. the web took us from a local shop to a global business.
over (5) ___ of our students come from the web.
you can (6) __ in a big way. in a big way. you might own a business, or a friend or a family member who does. there’s one thing you do today.
tell your mother, your brother, sister, your (7)__, your uncle, a friend. if there is one thing you do today, just one thing, get a business online.
listen to the commercial once again and complete the chart about the old process of starting internet business. the following is an example of good notes. it keeps the essential information and presents the relationship in a highly visualized way. 注：用一个空格分隔答案 音频5
which of the following is not true about traditional stores?
how many temporary workers are hired by ups during the holiday season to deliver gifts?
listen to the news report once again and decide whether the following statements are true (t)，false（f），or not given (ng). 音频7 1. lynne shaner purchases everything online.
online shopping can provide a better selection according to lynne shaner.
cornell university marketing professor ed mclaughlin thinks anything that cannot move online, will.
ed mclaughlin says traditional stores can provide better services.
bill martin thinks we can always have the feeling of “boy, this is exactly what i want” when we shop online.
now in exercise 1, you will watch two speakers talking about the impact of e-commerce on traditional stores. watch carefully and try to identify how they show interests in the conversation and get to know the opinions about online shopping and shopping in person from the other. 音频8 （1）which one is not one of the ways for them to show interests in the conversation?
how does ella (the 2nd speaker) continue the conversation on hearing her partner’s opinion that shopping in person is more friendly and a nicer experience for old people and mothers with all children?
now let’s watch a clip from this film an inconvenient truth, and try to get a global understanding about global warming. after watching the video, choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 视频5 1. what is the main idea of the video clip?
2. what causes the earth to be warmer according to the video clip?
you are going to hear a passage about some studies of global warming. listen carefully and fill in the missing information. 注意：如果一题多空，请用空格分隔开每个答案。 音频4 during the last thirty years, the (1) ________ of the world has increased sharply, so it is the same with the (2) ________.
global warming is an (3) ________ serious problem facing the world today.
as we all know that there is atmosphere around the earth, which is mainly (4) ________ of nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
more and more carbon dioxide from burning the coal and oil is (5) ________ into the air every year. the carbon dioxide can absorb the heat from the earth. the more carbon dioxide in the air, the more heat it will absorb, and the warmer the earth will be.
since the (6) ________ revolution, coal and fossil oil have been wildly used.
however, this kind of energy will (7) ________ plenty of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, (8) ________ vapor and so on.
that’s maybe one of the reasons (9) ________ the earth to be warmer.
ruining the forest is also accelerating the (10) ________ of the global warming.
please fill in the blanks 1 to 8. 注意： 如果一题多空，请用空格分隔开答案。 topic: the cause of (1) ________
supporting details: the most (2) ________ part of the earth’s ecological system is the atmosphere, because it’s so (3) ________.
the sun’s radiation comes in the form of (4) ________waves and that heats up the earth.
and then some of the radiation is (5) ________back into space.
and some of the outgoing infrared radiation is (6) ________by atmosphere.
this layer of atmosphere is being (7) ________by all of the global warming pollution.
so more of the outgoing infrared remains in the atmosphere. as a result the atmosphere heats up (8) ________.
watch the lecture for the first time and choose the right answer to the each question. 视频8 1. what is plastic made from?
2. what can we learn from the passage?
2. the birthplace of plastic is the oil refinery.
3. after a series of manufactory processes, oil and gas molecules become plastic products.
4. it takes a long time for plastic bottles to be manufactured, consumed and discarded.
now in exercise 1, you will listen to the british student’s talk about the comparison between green energy and fossil fuels. exercise 1 音频10 (1) what is majorly talked about in the clip?
(2) what method of patterns is used by the speaker?
choose the best answer to each of the questions you hear. 音频7 1. what is the speaker mainly talking about？
2. why did the speaker show the video about a woman speaking koro to her baby?
3. which of the following is true, according to the text?
the critical period hypothesis states that the first few years of life is the(2)_______time in which an inidual can acquire a first language if presented with adequate stimuli.
the nature of such a critical period, however, has been one of the most fiercely debated issues in psycholinguistics and cognitive science in general for decades. some writers have suggested a(5) "_________" or "optimal" period rather than a critical one; others dispute the causes (physical maturation, cognitive factors).
the duration of the period also(6)____________ greatly in different accounts.
in second-language acquisition, the strongest evidence for the critical period hypothesis is in the study of (7)_________, where most older learners do not reach a native-like level.
however, under certain conditions, native-like accent has been observed, suggesting that accent is affected by multiple factors, such as identity and (8)____________, rather than a critical period biological constraint.
you must be amazed at how children learn a language after listening to the speech. listen to the part about the mother teaching her baby koro again and take down the key words.
listen to the text for the first time, focus on the global idea of the passage and then choose the right answers to the questions you hear. 音频9 1. what is not included in a good eap course?
2. what problem is not mentioned in the text to students studying eap?
now listen to the passage again and decide whether the following statements are true(t), false(f) or not given(ng). 音频9 1. during your university course, you’ll lead a double life.
2. eap is actually studying english for academic purposes.
3. if you speak academic english, you’ll know a special vocabulary associated with your subject, and you’ll be used to writing or speaking in a particular way.
4. a good eap course can enable you to make friends easily.
5. students often pay more attention to vehicles than to what they contain.
2. anna agrees with becca in a sense that apps can always make our learning accessible.
3. becca completely agrees with anna in a sense that no app could replace a good teacher.
4. anna disagrees with becca in a sense that sometimes apps might be underdeveloped.
5. both of them prefer to use a dictionary.
choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 音频6 1.which of the following is not true according to the speech?
how did the speaker come to the conclusion that timing is the most important for start-up business?
you are going to hear a passage about two students in britain starting up business. listen carefully and fill in the missing information. 音频5 bird feathers have long been used in clothing and in bedding. manufacturers often use feathers because of their light 1________ and the warmth they provide in a cold room or climate.
now, two students in britain are studying how to use them in other ways, like keeping homes warm, for example. a student 2_________ has success.
chicken is a popular food in many countries, and the number of poultry killed for their meat is rising. britain alone processes more than 3 ________ white-feathered chickens every year, creating tons of leftover feathers.
two students from imperial college london want to turn these feathers into something 4 __________.
the two had an idea to create useful materials from waste. they developed a biodegradable 6_________ that could replace man-made insulation. biodegradable materials are capable of being slowly broken down through natural processes.
builders usually add insulation to homes and offices. the insulation can reduce the 7________ demands of heating and cooling systems. dieckman and robinson won several awards for their prototype insulation, including the mayor of london's low carbon entrepreneur challenge.
the $23,000 they won in the 8___________ helped them start their company, aeropowder.
listen to the speech again and pay attention to these signal words. then complete the following sentences with what those signal words want us to concentrate on so as to get the organization of the lecture. 音频6 introducing the topic: i’m really excited to share with you some (1) _________ about what makes companies (2) __________ the most, what factors matter the most for startup success. （1）
(2)
listing and making transition: first, the idea. i used to think that idea was (3) _________. but then over time i came to think that maybe the (4) _________, the execution, adaptability that mattered ever more than the idea. then i started looking at the business (5) _________. then i looked at the (6) _________. and then of course, the (7) _________. (3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
listen to the news report for the first time and choose the right answers to questions you hear. 音频8 what is the percentage of chinese college graduates choosing to start their own business?
which of the following is not the reason why college entrepreneurs are so rare in china?
experts say china is the third best place for entrepreneurs.
the government tries to create a better environment for college students to start their own business.
most parents don’t support their children to start their own business.
which signal words are not used by the student to express causes?
choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 音频4 1. what is the text mainly about?
which of the following is not mentioned in the lecture?
you are going to hear a passage about high-context culture and low-context culture. listen carefully and fill in the missing information. 音频3（请将音频调至18秒开始,播放至结束） high-context culture refers to societies or groups where people have close connections over a long period of time. many 1________ of cultural behavior are not made explicit（明确的） because most members know what to do and what to think from years of 2_________ with each other. high-context culture relies heavily on 3_________, often nonverbal 4________ to maintain social 5_________. it can be found in asia, most of latin america, africa and middle east countries. low-context culture refers to societies where people tend to have many connections but of shorter 6________ or for some specific reason. in these societies, cultural behavior and beliefs may need to be 7________ explicitly so that those coming into the cultural environment know how to behave. low-context culture uses language primarily to express 8________, feelings and ideas as directly as possible. the lowest context cultures are germany, britain, the united states, switzerland and scandinavian countries. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
also space, and this refers to __________. in many high-context cultures, be 2 feet apart or less is definitely the way to conduct business and is very comfortable.
listen to the text for the first time and choose the right answers to questions you hear. 音频6 1. what is the text mainly about?
which of the following countries tend to “me” culture?
now let’s listen to the text again and decide whether the following statements are true, false or not given.(用t,f,ng表示) 1.all americans put strong emphasis on iniduality.
the two basic types of culture mentioned in the text are inidualistic culture and collectivistic culture.
china is the most “we” country on the planet.
people from different cultures are unable to dance together.
cheating is acceptable in middle east countries.
which signal words are used by the student to give examples?
listen to the text for the first time and choose the best answer to each of the questions you hear. 音频5（请将音频调至： 09:14---13:48 ） 1.what is the speaker mainly talking about?
which of the following can best explain the meaning of collaborative consumption？
listen carefully and fill in the missing information. culture notes rachel botan is the co-author, with roo rogers, of the book what’s mine is yours: the rise of collaborative consumption, and she writes, consults and speaks on the（1） of collaboration and （2） through network technologies, and on how it will （3） business, consumeri and the way we live. her new work （4） on trust and reputation （5） . （1）
（2）
（3）
（4）
（5）
she is the (6) of the collaborative lab, an innovation incubator(孵化器) that works with startups, big businesses and local governments to (7) innovative solutions based on the ideas of collaborative consumption. she has consulted to fortune 500 companies and leading (8) organizations around the world on (9) and innovation (10) , and was a former director at the william j. clinton foundation. (6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
the second is collaborative lifestyles. this is the sharing of resources of things like money, skills and time.
now, the third system is product-service systems. this is where you pay for the benefit of a product -- what it does for you – without needing to own the product outright.
how can you protect your money when making investment?
a very important thing for investment is to ensure the way to balance.
the asset allocation should be the purpose of making your investment.
the more risk you’d like to take, the more profit you’ll make.
now in exercise 1, you will watch two speakers talking about whether it is good or bad for students to make investments. watch carefully and try to identify how they conduct the conversation. exercise 1 音频8 （1）at the very beginning, how does speaker a encourage speaker b to speak?
when speaker b mentions that “if the investment goes well, then have a nice, nice security in the future”, how does speaker a interrupt her?
choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 音频1 1.what is the passage mainly about?
which of the following only belongs to chinese high-speed trains?
you are going to hear a passage about high-speed rail (hsr) in china. listen carefully and fill in the missing information. 补录3 high-speed rail (hsr) in china refers to any railway in china with 1. train service at the speed of 2. km/h or higher as internationally recognized. by this definition, china has the world's 3. hsr network with over 16,000 km of track in service as of december 2014which is more than the rest of the world's high-speed rail tracks 4. , and a length of 16,775.5 km is 5. or in planning. since high-speed rail service in china was 6. on april 18, 2007, daily ridership has grown from 237,000 in 2007 to 2.49 million in 2014, making the chinese hsr network the most 7. used in the world. cumulative ridership had reached 2.9 billion by october 2014. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
listen to the passage for the first time, focus on the global idea of the passage and then choose the right answers to the questions you hear. 音频3 1.what is america’s challenge in the 21st century according to the passage?
how many forms of transportation in new york are mentioned in the passage?
now let’s listen to the passage again and decide whether the following statements are true, false or not given. 音频3 there are 7500 airports in america.
chicago has a powerful but aging transportation network.
on a weekday morning, there can be about 3.2 million people in manhattan.
grand central terminal is the busiest commuter center in america.
now in exercise 1, you will listen to two british students talking about their favorite means of transportation in shanghai and try to identify the expressions they used to support their opinions and connect their ideas to each other. exercise 1 音频0178 how did becka respond to anna’s choosing shared bikes as her favorite form of transportation?
how many reason(s) did becka give to support her opinion that metro is the best form of transportation in shanghai?
（ ）是房地产金融资产证券化模式的典型代表。 a 英国 b c 德国 d 新加坡
房地产金融市场的一级市场以（ ）为主导。 a政策性金融 b 商业性金融 c 地产性金融 d 资产类金融
房地产金融的二级市场主要是从事买卖以（ ）的市场。 a 房地产企业债券 b 房地产抵押贷款为资金池的金融证券衍生品 c 房地产企业股票 d 房地产抵押贷款
新加坡的房地产金融发展模式的核心是（ ）。 a 公积金制度 b 房地产金融资产证券化 c 住房储蓄银行 d 房地产抵押贷款
等额本金房地产抵押贷款200,000元，利率5%，贷款期限为10年，求首月还款额为多少？ a 2,500 b 2,400 c 2,450 d 2,493.06
现有一个等额本金住房抵押贷款，贷款本金为90,000元，贷款年化利率为6.75%，贷款期为15年，该贷款按月还款。请问该贷款每月应支付本金为多少元？ a 600 b 500 c 400 d 450
现有一30年的等额本息住房抵押贷款，贷款本金为124,000元，贷款年化利率为7%，该贷款按月还款，请问该贷款每月应还款数额为多少？ a 834.98元 b 824.98元 c 844.98元 d 830.98元
现有一笔75,000币的等额本息住房抵押贷款，贷款年化利率为7%，该贷款要求按月还款，请问该贷款每月的还款额是多少？ a 498.98元 b 499.98元 c 479.96元 d 589.96元
现有一笔75,000币的等额本息住房抵押贷款，贷款年化利率为7%，该贷款要求按月还款，请问在第四年年末，该贷款的本金还剩余多少未还？ a 69489.57 元 b 69499.57 元 c 69469.23元 d 69489.23元